2, Aug 2025
Tech Leaders Converge in Delhi Ahead of Bengaluru Tech Summit 2025

Mumbai/New Delhi, August 2nd 2025: As a prelude to the 28th edition of the Bengaluru Tech Summit (BTS 2025), scheduled from 18-20 November 2025 at BIEC, Bengaluru; a dynamic open Industry dialogue was held today in Delhi, led by Shri Priyank Kharge, Hon’ble Minister for Information Technology, Biotechnology, and Rural Development & Panchayat Raj, Government of Karnataka. BTS 2025, under the theme, ‘Futurise’, is organized by the Department of E, IT and Bt, Govt. of Karnataka and Co-hosted by the Software Technology Parks of India (STPI).

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Shri Priyank Kharge, Hon’ble Minister for IT, Bt, and RDPR, Government of Karnataka was joined by Dr. Ekroop Caur, IAS, Secretary to the Government, Department of Electronics, Information Technology, Biotechnology, and Science & Technology, Shri Arvind Kumar, Director General, Software Technology Parks of India (STPI), Shri Rahul Sharanappa Sankanur, IAS Managing Director, Karnataka Innovation and Technology Society (KITS) Department of E, IT, Bt, and S&T, Govt. of Karnataka; Department of E, IT, Bt, and S&T, Govt. of Karnataka, Shri Daljeet Kumar, IAS, Deputy Secretary, Department of E, IT, BT and S&T, Government of Karnataka; Shri Sanjay Tyagi, Director, Software Technology Parks of India (STPI), Bengaluru and Shri Jagdish Patankar, Executive Chairman of MM Activ- the Event Curator of Bengaluru Tech Summit.

The Industry Meet in Delhi gathered industry leaders from key sectors such as IT, Deeptech, Electronics, Telecom, EV, Biotech, FinTech, Gaming and Animation, heads of prominent R&D institutes, Startups & Unicorn Founders and Investors. The meeting was well attended by representatives from leading Industry Associations NASSCOM, IESA, TiE Delhi & Bangalore, ABLE, E-Gaming Federation and IVCA.

Shri Priyank Kharge, Hon’ble Minister for IT, Bt, and RDPR, Government of Karnataka stated, “Technology today is cross-disciplinary, global and constantly evolving. Karnataka is at the centre of this shift, with strengths in AI, deeptech, fintech, biotech, spacetech and emerging areas that are shaping the global tech economy. Bengaluru Tech Summit 2025 will explore how innovation can solve real-world challenges and accelerate economic growth. With BTS moving to BIEC this year, the event is set to grow in scale, ambition and global impact. BTS 2025 will feature a vibrant exhibition that drives business opportunities, while top global voices will share big, bold ideas. With participation from global industry leaders, startups, researchers and governments, BTS 2025 will offer unmatched insight into what’s next. I welcome you to experience it firsthand in Bengaluru as we come together to Futurise.”

Dr. Ekroop Caur, IAS, Secretary to the Government, Department of Electronics, Information Technology, Biotechnology, and Science & Technology, Govt. of Karnataka, presented an overview of the Event. Adding to the Hon’ble Minister Shri Priyank Kharge’s message, Dr. Caur emphasized, “Bengaluru Tech Summit has evolved beyond being a Karnataka event, it is now a national platform. We encourage and invite the entire Indian Tech and Startup Ecosystem to participate, showcase their innovations to a global audience, and leverage this opportunity to accelerate their business growth. We look forward to welcoming you to Bengaluru.”

BTS 2025 will be held for the first time at the Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (BIEC), a purpose-built, eco-conscious venue with world-class infrastructure, expansive exhibition halls and cutting-edge conference facilities. This new home for BTS marks a major leap in scale and ambition. The summit is expected to bring together over 1,00,000 attendees, including 20,000+ startup founders, 1,000+ investors, 15,000+ delegates, 600+ speakers, and 1,200+ exhibitors. The event will host over 100 knowledge sessions, 5,000+ curated meetings and welcome participation from 60+ countries and all 36 States and Union Territories of India.

Aligned with the theme ‘Futurise’, the BTS 2025 conference will feature 10 tracks including IT & DeepTech, Electro-Semicon, Digital Health & Biotech, the Startup Ecosystem, Global Collaboration and India- USA Tech Conclave, along with bold new tracks viz., AI Universe, Finverse, Defence & Spacetech and My Planet My Future, which focuses on sustainability and climate tech. A major highlight will be the Future Makers Conclave, an immersive programme showcasing a diverse constellation of changemakers, entrepreneurs, spiritual leaders, adventurers, artists and pioneers to be attended by more than 2000 startup founders. The multi-pavilion Exhibition will spotlight breakthrough innovations across sectors, with a significant scale-up in international participation and industry presence.

The event will feature a special focus on startups through the Startup Springboard, a curated programme that connects high-potential ventures with investors, mentors, and global networks. Activities will include Investor Pitching sessions led by top VC networks, one-on-one Mentoring clinics with industry experts, a dedicated Startup Pavilion in the exhibition and exclusive investor connect opportunities. Startups will also benefit from focused thematic sessions on scaling, fundraising, and international market access, alongside recognition through the prestigious Startup Awards.

Special programmes like the Rural IT Quiz, Bio Quiz, Bio Posters, IT, Bio and Exhibitor awards and Global Leaders Reception will further enrich the experience.

1, Aug 2025
ETCISO Announces the 8th Annual Conclave 2025

ETCISO Announces the 8th Annual Conclave 2025: Redefining Cyber Leadership for the Digital Age

New Delhi, August 1, 2025: As India grapples with a 47% surge in cyberattacks in 2025, including high-profile breaches affecting major financial institutions and critical infrastructure, cybersecurity leadership has never been more crucial. Against this backdrop, The Economic Times CISO (ETCISO) announces the 8th ETCISO Annual Conclave, taking place from September 18–21, 2025, at the Grand Hyatt, Goa. This year’s theme, “The CISO Imperative: Resilience, Agility, and Strategic Leadership,” addresses the urgent need for cybersecurity leaders to drive organizational transformation while navigating an increasingly complex threat landscape.

With India’s cybersecurity market projected to reach $35 billion by 2025 and new Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act compliance deadlines approaching, the timing couldn’t be more critical. The residential summit will convene 150+ Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs), cybersecurity experts, policymakers, and innovators for four immersive days designed to deliver measurable strategic outcomes.

The 2025 edition will offer focused tracks on emerging risks and future-ready frameworks, including:

  • AI-Powered Threat Defense – Leveraging artificial intelligence for proactive threat hunting while securing AI implementations across the enterprise
  • Zero Trust at Scale – Building zero trust architectures that support India’s rapid digital transformation without compromising agility
  • Quantum-Ready Security – Preparing for quantum computing disruptions with practical implementation roadmaps
  • Board-Level Risk Communication – Translating technical risks into business impact metrics that drive C-suite investment
  • Hybrid Cloud Resilience – Securing complex multi-cloud environments while maintaining operational excellence
  • Regulatory Mastery – Navigating DPDP Act compliance, RBI guidelines, and emerging cybersecurity regulations
  • Talent Pipeline Development – Addressing India’s 3.5 million cybersecurity skills gap through strategic workforce planning
  • Unlike traditional conferences, the residential format creates an environment for deep strategic thinking and peer collaboration. The event features:
  • Executive War Games – Realistic breach simulations that test crisis leadership and decision-making
  • Panchayat-Style Strategic Sessions – Confidential peer exchanges for benchmarking and collaborative problem-solving
  • Innovation Experience Zone – Hands-on evaluation of emerging security technologies
  • CISO-to-Board Communication Labs – Practical workshops for effective risk presentation and stakeholder engagement
  • Regulatory Deep Dives – Expert-led sessions on compliance strategy and implementation

Since 2018, the ETCISO Annual Conclave has established itself as India’s premier cybersecurity leadership forum, directly influencing national cybersecurity policy and corporate security strategies. In its 8th edition, the ETCISO Annual Conclave continues to shape the future of cybersecurity leadership in India—where strategies are not just discussed, but forged.

1, Aug 2025
Nothing announces Independence Day Sale with Exciting Bank Discounts and offers

New Delhi, 1st August 2025 – London-based technology brand Nothing has announced exclusive Independence Day offers across its product portfolio starting today at 12:00 Noon. The sale offers attractive pricing on some of its most popular smartphones, audio and IOT devices, including the CMF Phone 2 Pro, Nothing Phone (3a) Pro, Nothing Phone (3a), Nothing Ear, CMF Watch Pro 2 and more.

The CMF Phone 2 Pro combines sleek design with powerful specs, offering flagship-level performance at an accessible price. It features a 50MP main camera paired with a first-in-segment 50MP telephoto lens, powered by the fast MediaTek Dimensity 7300 Pro processor. With a slim 7.8mm profile, IP54 water resistance, and 45W fast charging, the phone also includes a vibrant 6.77-inch display with 3000 nits peak brightness and up to two days of battery life. Built with premium materials and available in bold, distinctive colors, the CMF Phone 2 Pro delivers standout performance and style.

Both the Nothing Phone (3) and Phone (3a) Pro feature a 6.77-inch FHD+ display with a 120Hz adaptive refresh rate, Snapdragon® 7s Gen 3 chipset, and 5000mAh battery with 50W fast charging. The Phone (3a) offers a 50MP main, ultra-wide, and 2x telephoto camera, while the Phone (3a) Pro adds a periscope lens with 60x zoom. Selfies are handled by a 32MP front camera on the Phone (3a) and a 50MP 4K-capable camera on the Phone (3a) Pro. Runs on Nothing OS 3.1 (Android 15) with six years of promised updates.

The Independence Day Sale will be live from July 31 to August 10. Available via: Flipkart, Flipkart Minutes, Myntra, Vijay Sales, Croma, and all leading retail stores. Bank offers are applicable via: ICICI Bank, SBI Card and IDFC FIRST Bank

31, Jul 2025
Arista Expands Commitment to India for Enterprise Networking and AI Innovation

India, July 31, 2025Arista Networks (NYSE: ANET), a leading innovator in cloud and AI networking, today announced a major expansion to its investments in India with a Make in India (MII) initiative that accelerates innovation, local manufacturing, and skills development in enterprise networking. Through this and other ongoing efforts, the company continues to build AI for Networking centers of excellence across the country, strongly contributing to India’s position as a global leader in next-generation computing and connectivity.

Advancing AI for Networking – Made in India

Over the last few years, Arista has established an AI for Networking Center of Excellence in India, focusing on three key strategic initiatives: 

  • AI-driven Networking: Simplifying data center, campus, and edge operations with real-time analytics and autonomous self-healing networks to ensure consistent, scalable performance across enterprise environments.
  • Network Cybersecurity: Enabling customers to defend against modern cyber threats by combining deep network visibility with AI-enhanced security frameworks for real-time threat detection, identity-aware segmentation, and policy enforcement at scale.
  • Intelligent Wi-Fi: Delivering self-optimizing, adaptive wireless experiences with seamless and reliable connectivity and smooth application experience, along with actionable intelligence for network administrators.

Now in alignment with India’s vision for self-reliant technology infrastructure, Arista is ramping up investments in local manufacturing for its portfolio of products with a comprehensive Make In India (MII) strategy.

“I welcome the commitment of technology leaders like Arista Networks in advancing the Government of India’s Make in India and Digital India missions,” said Mr. R. Shakya, Deputy Director General (DDG), Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications, Government of India. “Indigenous innovation and local manufacturing in critical domains such as cloud and AI networking are essential for securing our digital future and unlocking high-value employment opportunities for Indian talent.”

Arista’s Make in India initiative will now support the domestic production of high-performance data center and campus network switches and enterprise access points, with an increasing focus on sourcing critical components locally. This strategy enhances India’s role as a hub for trusted and scalable networking infrastructure across cloud, AI, and security use cases.

“India’s national security and digital sovereignty increasingly hinge on trusted, high-performance infrastructure,” said Lt. Gen. M.U. Nair, National Cybersecurity Coordinator (NCSC), Government of India. “Arista’s Make in India initiative, combined with its investment in cybersecurity-enabled AI networking, represents a significant stride toward building resilient, self-reliant digital ecosystems. These efforts not only strengthen India’s strategic autonomy but also advance its global leadership in secure and trusted technologies.”

A Decade of Innovation with More to Come

Arista’s presence in India began soon after the company was founded in 2004. More recently, the company’s campus networking portfolio was strengthened by the acquisition of Mojo Networks, a major Indian networking vendor and wireless intrusion prevention (WIPS) pioneer. India has thus for many years, been an innovation, design, and development hub for the company’s products, solving business- and mission-critical challenges for customers across the globe. With MII, this investment is extending to manufacturing in India. 

“Over the last decade, Arista has already invested over a billion dollars in India through its multiple development centers,” said Sameer Padhye, Vice President, Global Services and India Sales at Arista Networks. “Now by redoubling our efforts through Make in India and other initiatives, the company is focused on driving an additional billion dollars of investment over the next 3-5 years.”

Arista’s ongoing commitment to India is also critical to enabling innovation and global competitiveness for Indian enterprises and cloud providers.

“Arista’s ‘Make in India’ initiative for high-performance networking gear, along with its focus on AI-driven networking, aligns perfectly with Zoho’s commitment to self-reliance and scaling global infrastructure from India,” said Shailesh Kumar Davey, CEO and Co-founder, Zoho Corporation. “This move helps strengthen India’s growing role in powering next-gen global technologies.”

Furthermore, Arista is also partnering with government bodies and academic institutions to train over 100,000 engineers over the next decade in areas such as “AI for Networking” and “Networking for AI.” This initiative is designed to cultivate a future-ready workforce and strengthen India’s role in the global digital economy.

“IIT Jammu’s decision to power its entire campus network with Arista has been transformative and reflects the institution’s commitment to delivering an uninterrupted learning and research environment for students and faculty alike. Arista’s investment in India signals a growing partnership with the country’s educational sector to develop the next generation of network engineers.” IIT Jammu

31, Jul 2025
Brits divided on AI in the classroom

Most people in the UK support teachers using AI for tasks such as lesson planning in schools but oppose its use for marking, a new survey on AI use in education reveals.

The nationally representative survey, commissioned by Cambridge University Press & Assessment, showed Brits were divided on whether students should use AI to improve punctuation and grammar in coursework.

Key findings:

  • Most people (59%) back teachers using AI on admin tasks such as lesson planning, and 31% are against it.
  • Approximately two thirds (62%) of UK adults oppose teachers using AI to mark coursework, 27% support it.
  • 89% of those polled are against students using AI to entirely complete their school coursework, 5% think it’s acceptable.
  • People were split on students using AI to improve the punctuation and grammar of their coursework (46% in favour and 44% against).
  • Only 16% of UK adults support reducing or removing coursework completed at home as the best way for schools to avoid student AI misuse.
  • 52% of UK adults think responsible use of AI should be added to the secondary school curriculum, only 34% support adding it to the primary school curriculum.
  • The top two concerns identified by UK adults about the use of AI in education were errors in AI information, and less human interaction.

The survey reveals a clear divide in attitudes to AI use by gender, for example:

  • More women (67%) than men (57%) in the survey oppose teachers using AI to mark coursework.
  • More women (40%) than men (29%) surveyed oppose adding responsible use of AI to the curriculum in secondary schools.

Jill Duffy, chief executive of Cambridge’s UK exam board OCR, said: “AI is already in our schools and is not going away. The public is clear that coursework is too important to lose, even in the age of AI. It enables us to test different skills, and to reduce the intense volume of exams taken at 16. These findings should be seen as a challenge to all of us in education: find a way to adapt coursework so it is fit for the AI century.” 

31, Jul 2025
KL Deemed to be University Student Earns Recognition from Flipkart for Ethical Hacking Contribution

Delhi, 31st July 2025: KL Deemed to be University proudly announces that Pavan, a third-year B. Tech. student, has been officially recognized by Flipkart for his ethical and responsible contribution to cybersecurity. He was awarded a Certificate of Appreciation in July 2025 for his responsible disclosure of a P3-level security vulnerability in Flipkart’s system through their Vulnerability Disclosure Program (VDP).

kl university

Pavan’s interest in ethical hacking was sparked by a curiosity about how digital systems function beneath the surface. “I’ve always been fascinated by how systems work behind the scenes,” he said. “I naturally developed an interest in breaking them — to understand their challenges and vulnerabilities.”

Encouraged by Flipkart’s responsible disclosure policy and mentored by Dr. G. Rama Koteswara Rao, Professor in the Department of Experiential Learning & Global Engagement (EL&GE), KL Deemed to be University, Pavan submitted a detailed report to Flipkart in September 2024. After a thorough review, the security team acknowledged his contribution, recognizing its importance in enhancing platform safety.

Pavan attributes his learning curve to a combination of faculty mentorship and active participation in online cybersecurity communities such as Bugcrowd University, Twitter infosec forums, and Discord-based ethical hacking groups. These experiences helped him stay current in a fast-evolving field and build hands-on expertise.

Er. Koneru Lakshman Havish, Vice-President of KL Deemed to be University, applauded Pavan’s achievement, stating: “As the digital landscape evolves, so must the mindset of our learners. At our university, we are committed to developing talent that pairs technical excellence with ethical responsibility. This recognition reflects the impact of strong academic mentorship and a culture that values responsible innovation. We will continue to support students who are ready to lead in a secure and forward-thinking digital world.”

With students like Pavan leading the way, KL Deemed to be University continues to nurture a vibrant ecosystem of cybersecurity innovation grounded in ethics, excellence, and experiential learning.

30, Jul 2025
IIT Roorkee Launches India’s First Full-Stack AI Certification for Modern Marketers

Mumbai, 30th July: In a bold move to reshape how India trains its digital marketing talent, the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT Roorkee), in collaboration with Futurense, has launched the PG Certificate in AI-Enabled Digital Marketing & MarTech – India’s first no-code, full-stack AI certification designed specifically for marketing professionals.

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The 6-month program, starting October 2025, is built to address the critical orchestration gap in modern marketing, where teams use over 90+ tools but often lack the systems thinking to connect them for real-time performance. With GenAI becoming the new creative suite and MarTech stacks growing increasingly complex, marketers today need to operate as AI-native system designers, not just content executors.

“This isn’t just another marketing course with AI added on. It’s India’s first full-stack AI marketing certification built from the ground up for today’s ecosystem, where growth depends on how well you wire content, data, automation, and personalisation together. With IIT Roorkee’s academic credibility and Futurense’s industry-backed learning model, this program creates marketers who can think like builders and execute like technologists,” said Raghav Gupta, Founder & CEO, Futurense

Our mission is to create future-ready professionals by blending academic rigour with practical innovation. This program exemplifies that vision. As marketing becomes increasingly driven by AI and real-time orchestration, professionals need more than surface-level tool knowledge; they need a deep, system-level understanding. Through this certification, we’re enabling learners to build marketing engines that are intelligent, adaptive, and grounded in real-world applications,” said Prof. Kaushik Ghosh, Coordinator, Continuing Education Centre (CEC), IIT Roorkee.

What makes this program a First for India?

  •  Designed for Full-Stack AI Marketing Orchestration

Not just a digital marketing course with AI plugins. This is a from-scratch redesign, focused on wiring CRM, CDP, analytics, automation, and GenAI into one performance engine.

  •  Hands-On with 30+ Real Tools

From ChatGPT, Claude, Jasper, and Segment to Zapier, HubSpot, Canva AI, GA4, and Looker Studio, learners don’t just learn these tools; they build systems with them.

  •  Live AI Clinics, Not Just Assignments

Students tackle real RFPs from brands, build campaigns in Futurense’s AI Clinic, and receive feedback from mentors in the Futurense Leadership Circle, including CXOs from Google, AmEx, Lenskart, and more.

  •  Capstone-driven proof of work

Each learner graduates with a live AI-powered campaign, built and hosted in their portfolio, demonstrating skill in content generation, funnel automation, and performance attribution.

  •  Hybrid Format with IIT Immersion Option

The course includes live weekend classes, plus an optional 2-day campus immersion at IIT Roorkee, one of India’s most prestigious institutions with a legacy of cross-disciplinary innovation.

  • The AI Shift in Marketing

● 88% of marketers use GenAI tools daily, but less than 10% integrate them across the funnel

● Over 100,000 MarTech tools exist, but most teams use <50% of their stack effectively

● Roles like AI Content Strategist and MarTech Architect are growing 15 – 22% annually

● Real-time personalisation is now table stakes, with users expecting live journey orchestration

This program responds to these shifts head-on, producing marketers who design funnels like engineers, act like growth hackers, and think like product builders.

Who is this program for?

Built for ambitious professionals across the marketing and tech spectrum:

● Aspiring digital marketers & AI-curious creatives

● Traditional marketers adapting to the new stack

● Growth/product managers building lean funnels

● Founders and solopreneurs automating marketing

● Consultants, freelancers & career switchers

No coding background is needed. The Futurense Bridge Course ensures everyone gets up to speed with AI workflows, prompt writing, and no-code integration before the main sessions begin.

Program Snapshot

Start Date: October 11, 2025

Duration: 6 Months (120+ live hours)

Format: Weekend Live Online Sessions

Campus Immersion: Optional 2-Day at IIT Roorkee

Fee: ₹1.40 Lakhs + GST (Flexible EMIs available)

Certificate: From IIT Roorkee, ranked #8 in the overall category (NIRF 2024)

29, Jul 2025
OnGrid will showcase next-gen background verification at People Matters TechHR 2025

India, 29th July 2025: As hiring windows compress and workforce models evolve, background checks can no longer be a bottleneck. As a diamond partner at People Matters TechHR 2025, Asia’s leading HR and work tech conference, OnGrid will present its latest solutions at Booth No. D2, Yashobhoomi, Delhi, from July 31 to August 1. The company will showcase Instant BGV, a verification solution built for speed, compliance, and scale.

The event will also feature a keynote by Manav Jain, Chief Business Officer at OnGrid. His session, ‘Trust by Design: Rethinking Talent Risk & Integrity in a Disrupted World’, will explore how organizations can build trust into hiring workflows.

With more than 500 million verifications delivered across 4,000+ clients, OnGrid brings one of the most robust verification stacks in the country. From identity and employment history to address, credit, and criminal records, the platform handles 200+ checks that integrate effortlessly into existing systems.

At TechHR’25, OnGrid will demonstrate how Instant BGV enables teams to:

● Verify candidates pre-offer, cutting down revokes and post-joining risks

● Automate checks at scale, across roles, functions, and locations

● Reduce HR load with pre-filled flows and real-time dashboards

● Stay audit-ready with consistent, compliant documentation

From gig and frontline roles to campus and lateral hiring, OnGrid is designed for teams that need to move fast, without compromising on trust. The platform is fully compliant with the DPDP Act and global data privacy norms.

29, Jul 2025
COLORFUL Launches Rimbook Series Laptops

Mumbai, India, July 29th, 2025Colorful Technology Company Limited, a leading brand in gaming PC components, gaming laptops, and HiFi audio products, unveils the Rimbook series — laptops designed to strike the perfect balance between mobility and performance. Inspired by the rim of a wheel, the Rimbook symbolizes continuous motion and progress, embodying the spirit of moving forward with purpose and innovation.

intel

The COLORFUL Rimbook integrates the latest technologies, redefining the capabilities of a modern notebook. Designed to support dynamic lifestyles, the Rimbook empowers every move — a device built to fuel your momentum, wherever your journey takes you.

Designed to be slim and lightweight, the Rimbook is the ideal companion for creators on the move. It features a high-speed USB-C port and an HDMI port, enabling seamless multi-monitor setups. With support for Wi-Fi 6 and 2.5 GbE LAN, the Rimbook offers flexible, high-performance networking options for any environment.

29, Jul 2025
V-Guard’s Q1 FY 2025-26 Revenue lower by 0.7 Percentage YoY due to a weak summer

29th July 2025: V-Guard Industries Ltd., a leading Consumer Electricals and Electronics Company announced its unaudited financial results for the quarter ended June 30, 2025.

Q1 FY 2025-26 highlights:

•     Consolidated Net Revenue from operations for the quarter ended June 30, 2025 is Rs. 1466.08 crs; a decline of 0.7% over the revenue recorded in corresponding period of the previous year (Rs. 1477.10 crs).

•     Consolidated Profit After Tax for the quarter is Rs. 73.85 crs, a decline of 25.4% as against Rs. 98.97 crs recorded in corresponding period of the previous year.

Commenting on the company’s performance, Mr. Mithun. K. Chittilappilly, Managing Director, V-Guard Industries Ltd said “Topline growth for the first quarter of FY26 was subdued due to a weak summer season and last year’s high base. Electronics and electricals segments registered moderate growth while durables segment declined due to lower demand for summer categories. Gross margins continue to remain healthy. We expect the demand to normalise in the coming quarters and continue to invest in brand building and capacity enhancement.